A brief summary of current research.
How best to orient travellers with acquired brain injury: A comparison of three directional prompts
Lemoncello, R, Sohlberg , MM & Fickas, S (2010). Brain Injury, Vol. 24 (3), pp 541-549.
People with acquired brain injury followed directions as well as their non-injured peers when given landmarks at the start of a walking route. They had more difficulty with following cardinal (north, south, etc.) and left/right directions. All study participants preferred landmark directions.