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Historic Review of Repetitive Head Impacts and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Two American football players falling mid-tackle

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with a history of repetitive head impacts (RHI). To better understand the strength of evidence underlying the possible causal relationship between RHI and CTE, we examined the medical literature through the Bradford Hill criteria for causation.

Female athletes may be more susceptible to concussion and have prolonged symptoms after concussion

Female soccer players in a huddle

Female athletes are more susceptible to sport-related concussions (SRCs) and experience worse outcomes compared with male athletes. Although numerous studies on SRC have compared the outcomes of concussions in male and female athletes after injury, research pertaining to why female athletes have worse outcomes is limited.